What are the primary anthropogenic and meteorological causes of urban flooding in Indian mega-cities? Discuss how the "Sponge City" concept can be adapted in Indian urban planning.

Exact Syllabus Pointer

Disaster preparedness, NDMA guidelines, disaster risk reduction (DRR), Sendai framework, floods, urban heat islands, earthquakes, landslides.

Current Affairs Peg & Static Core

Contemporary Trigger: Repeated urban flash floods in Indian metropolises (Delhi, Chennai, Bengaluru)

Underlying Static Themes:urban flood governancesponge city conceptstormwater drainagewetland encroachment

Connected Questions Across All Papers

Discovered through overlapping concepts: Urban Flooding Causes, Sponge City Concept, Stormwater Encroachment

6 questions across 14 yrs

Frequency of UPSC CSE Mains questions testing this core concept, landmark doctrine, or foundational syllabus theme (2013-2026)

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